Cuối cùng cũng quay lại với phần 2 của bộ phim này. Nói chung mình hơi sợ review những phim lịch sử dài tập như vậy. Vì để ra được bài này phải coi tới coi lui mấy lần, trong quá trình coi, 2 đứa sẽ tranh luận, sau khi coi xong, ngẫm lại cảm xúc có thể viết review không? Sau đó nhiều chủ đề ập tới, rồi lại quên (mà phim này rất nhiều tình tiết luôn), không coi thì không thể nhớ để review được, thế là lại lướt qua các tập 1 lần nữa. Hi vọng các bạn thích bài viết bên dưới. Phần này mình sẽ review dàn “hậu cung” của Ngụy Anh Lạc trước:
Phú Sát Phó Hằng:
Nói đến sự bá đạo của Anh Lạc (AL) không thể không kể đến người này. Gia thế hiển hách, đẹp trai, giỏi võ, em trai của Hoàng hậu, bạn học của Hoàng thượng, hỏi sao không khó tính. Gái bu quá nên kén, khó tính, vậy mà AL cua được mới hay, lúc xa lúc gần, lúc quan tâm, lúc táo bạo mà ảnh chết hồi nào không hay. Lúc đầu AL hiểu lầm Phó Hằng là người giết chị mình nên định cua để kiếm cơ hội báo thù thôi. Sau khi giải tỏa khúc mắc, 2 người lúc này gần như đã “thề non hẹn biển”, thì Hoàng thượng lại động tâm với AL, Nhĩ Tình mưu mô bày kế nên họ không thể đến được với nhau.
Dưới sự “giúp sức” của Hoàng thượng, Phó Hằng miễn cưỡng tiếp nhận hôn nhân với Nhĩ Tình, nhưng lòng vẫn hướng về AL. Mình thấy Phó Hằng là kiểu chính nhân quân tử, mặc dù không thương Nhĩ Tình, nhưng 1 khi cô đã trở thành vợ của anh, anh nhất định sẽ đối tốt với cô. Chỉ trách Nhĩ Tình tối ngày ghen tuông, lòng đầy oán hận khiến Phó Hằng ngày càng chán ghét, rời xa.
Phó Hằng vùi đầu vào công việc, công danh ngày 1 thăng tiến, nhưng có vẻ anh cô đơn, khi không có tri kỷ để tâm sự. Tình cảm của anh cao thượng, không phải kiểu ích kỷ, chúc phúc cho AL, mong AL được hạnh phúc, bản thân anh luôn âm thầm ủng hộ, giúp đỡ cô. Đến cuối phim, anh còn hi sinh cả mạng sống mình để cứu AL. Người đàn ông như vậy chắc không tồn tại nữa rồi :(((.
Càn Long Đế:
Đối với Phó Hằng là chủ động cua, thì đối với Càn Long là kiểu oan gia rồi lại yêu nhau lúc nào không hay. Mô típ này hơi bị quen thuộc rồi, nhưng ở phim này việc xây dựng các tình tiết không làm mình thấy nhàm chán, không hẳn hợp lý, nhưng thấy hài, biến chuyển trong tình cảm của nhân vật cũng khá tự nhiên, không đến nỗi gượng ép.
Anh Hoàng trong phim này nhìn có khí chất, ánh mắt, thần thái, nhìn có uy, ra dáng, nhưng chắc cách đạo diễn xây dựng nhân vật kiểu tình cảm, hài hài sao đó, tối ngày cứ đi rình rập các kiểu :))). Một số các cảnh tương tác giữa AL và Càn Long thời AL còn là cung nữ nó hơi drama, vô lý (nếu xét theo lịch sử), còn nếu xét phim này kiểu vui vui, ngôn tình thì ok hết. Nhưng trong suy nghĩ của mình, Càn Long trong lịch sử không hiền, cũng chẳng nặng tình với ai như phim này, chẳng qua mọi người đang quá sa đà vào drama, ngôn tình thôi, Vua thời xưa mà, gia tộc, lợi ích, ngai vàng là trên hết, anh em họ hàng, cha con nào có nghĩa gì, sá chi 1 mối tình?
Kết lại mình vẫn khá là thích anh Hoàng ở phim này, coi giải trí, diễn tốt, được xem 1 khía cạnh khác (theo lý giải khác của đạo diễn). Mình chỉ thắc mắc là ở cả phim này và Như Ý đều khai thác vào thân phận của Càn Long, không biết là lấy từ tiểu thuyết hay đây là nghi vấn lịch sử thật sự? Nếu bạn nào biết comment giúp mình. Suy nghĩ của mình? Mình nghĩ là việc hợp phòng, thị tẩm, sinh nở trong nhà Đế Vương có ghi chép cụ thể, chi tiết và rõ ràng nên nghi vấn này nghe phi lý lắm, không đáng tin.
Viên Xuân Vọng:
Nhân vật này gây cho mình nhiều bất ngờ, được đạo diễn cài cắm 1 phân cảnh nhỏ từ những tập đầu, tưởng không ảnh hưởng nhiều đến mạch phim, cuối cùng lại 1 tay che trời. Viên Xuân Vọng (VXV) mang trong mình bí mật thân thế động trời. Anh được xây dựng như con rơi của Ung Chính, bị vứt bỏ, sau đó trở thành người hầu cho 1 trong những người anh em của mình, rồi lại bị hoạn đưa vào cung làm thái giám. Đến khi vô cung, với tính cách cương trực, thân cô thế cô, bị ăn hiếp, bắt nạt rồi sau bị đày đến Tân Giả Khố (làm các công việc khổ sai, hạ tiện: chà rửa bô, đẩy xe phân…)
Từ đó anh đóng lòng lại với tất cả mọi người, sôi sục lòng căm thù, nung nấu kế hoạch báo thù Càn Long. Đây cũng là nơi anh bắt đầu gặp AL, cô là người đầu tiên khiến anh cảm thấy tin tưởng, có thể chia sẻ, nội tâm anh có sự thay đổi, cùng kết nghĩa anh em nương tựa bên nhau suốt đời.
Việc AL nhập cung làm phi tử khiến VXV cảm giác bị phản bội, cả thế giới bỏ rơi mình. Anh lên kế hoạch tiếp cận Nhàn Phi, giả bộ quay lại với AL, làm gián điệp 2 mang, rồi đâm AL 1 nhát sau lưng. Từ đó anh dần trở thành tâm phúc bên cạnh Nhàn Phi. Mang tiếng là thân cận của Nhàn Phi, nhưng anh có những mưu tính, dự định của riêng mình, Nhàn Phi (lúc này là Kế Hậu) trở thành con cờ trong tay anh mà không hề hay biết.
Đến cuối phim, mặc dù Thái hậu phủ nhận mối quan hệ huyết thống của anh và Ung Chính, nhưng với thái độ của bà, dễ khiến người xem (như mình) tin tưởng rằng, anh chính là con rơi của Ung Chính.
Nhàn Phi:
Cô cùng với Hoàng hậu, Cao Quý phi là 3 người có địa vị cao nhất, được gả cho Càn Long từ thời còn là Hoàng tử. Đến khi Càn Long lên ngôi, cô lại có phần kém cạnh nhất, im hơi lặng tiếng, cam chịu, dễ bị ức hiếp (trong nửa phần đầu phim). Với biến cố gia đình, người xem được thấy Nhàn Phi bắt đầu trở mình, tham gia vào cuộc chiến nơi hậu cung, không còn “nhàn nhã” nữa.
Mình thấy nhân vật này do thời thế đẩy đưa, bản thân không ác, bị sự ảnh hưởng của môi trường quá nhiều, một nhân vật đáng thương. Bản thân Nhàn Phi có nhiều câu nói khiến mình thấy rất đúng, tâm đắc như mối quan hệ vợ chồng của Đế Vương, nỗi lòng của những người nơi hậu cung. Có thể cô phạm tội ác hay sai lầm với người này người kia, nhưng với Càn Long, cô luôn thật lòng. Đối với Nhàn Phi, đến cuối cùng, anh Hoàng vẫn chẳng dành sự quan tâm, tin tưởng và công bằng cho cô. Về mặt đấu đá, chưa chắc Nhàn Phi thua AL, chung quy thua tấm lòng của người đàn ông tên Hoằng Lịch chưa hề đặt lên người cô.
Nếu nói về nhân vật Nhàn Phi ở phim này và phim Như Ý, mình thích cách xây dựng nhân vật, tính cách, đấu đá, bản lĩnh của cô ở phim này hơn. Với nhân vật này trong DHCL, nhân vật này có vẻ đời thường, thực tế, sống động hơn, không quá ngôn tình. Phim này chị không là main nên có nhiều chi tiết khá là dìm, chứ bản thân Nhàn Phi trong lịch sử cũng rất được sủng ái, là người khiến Càn Long có nhiều phá lệ từ xấu đến tốt.
Hoằng Trú
Con trai thứ 5 của Ung Chính Đế, em trai Càn Long, theo như phim, anh này từ nhỏ thông minh, võ nghệ cũng khá, có phần hơi lướt Càn Long. Vì để tránh bị nghi kỵ, sống 1 cuộc đời yên ổn sau khi Càn Long lên ngôi, anh này đã lao vào việc ăn chơi, lêu lổng, “phá làng phá xóm”. Càn Long nhìn thấu những việc này nên luôn nuông chiều, bao che cho các hành động sai trái của anh. Anh này và mẹ mình (Hoàng Khảo Dụ Quý Phi) là thủ phạm trong vụ chị gái AL: trong 1 lần say rượu, anh đã làm nhục cô, khiến cô mang bầu, sau đó Dụ Thái Phi vì phân biệt thân phận của cô, không muốn ảnh hưởng con trai mình, đã ra tay thủ tiêu chị AL.
Sau khi phát hiện hung thủ trong vụ án chị gái mình, Ngụy Anh Lạc và Hoằng Trú chính thức đối địch với nhau. Thời gian AL ở với Phú Sát Hoàng hậu, người xem cứ nghĩ AL đã quên đi mối thù năm nào, nhưng đến cuối phim, có thể khẳng định, người thù dai nhất Tử Cấm Thành chính là Ngụy Anh Lạc.
Hoằng Trú sau này dưới sự tác động của Nhàn Phi, nhắc nhớ về mối ân tình lúc nhỏ, anh dần thay đổi, có cảm tình với cô, đồng thời trở thành con cờ trong tay Nhàn Phi, sau này là bị tác động của cả VXV. Vì vậy anh rắp tâp mưu phản, hòng giành lại công bằng cho Kế hậu, chắp nối ước mơ thành Thiên Tử cho con trai Kế hậu.
Phú Sát Dung Âm – Hiếu Hiền Thuần Hoàng hậu
Hậu phương vững chắc của AL thời còn là cung nữ. Nhìn thấy ở AL một tâm hồn tự do, ngay thẳng, thông minh làm chị Hậu không khỏi chạnh lòng nhớ về thời trẻ, về những việc mình ao ước được làm, con người mình mong muốn trở thành… Xuất thân Mãn Châu Tương Hoàng Kỳ, xinh đẹp, đoan trang, hiền thục, mà cái chính là chữ viết cực kỳ đẹp, điểm này là điểm sáng chính khiến Ung Chính chọn cô làm Đích Phúc Tấn cho Hoằng Lịch.
Tần Lam phim này quá xinh đẹp, cũng vì điểm quá xinh đẹp nên dường như mọi người đang bỏ qua nhiều thứ. Bản thân mình không đánh giá cao tính cách bánh bèo, khả năng quản lý hậu cung và trách nhiệm của chị này. Việc vô trách nhiệm nhất có lẽ là tự sát. Không quý trọng mạng sống của bản thân, của đấng sinh thành ban cho, thêm vào đó, hành động này nếu Càn Long trách tội có thể liên lụy đến cả mẫu tộc, không nghĩ cho bản thân, lẽ nào cũng không nghĩ cho tổ tông mấy đời của mình? Mình không nghĩ có 1 Hoàng hậu bất tài đến như vậy trong lịch sử, không có uy với hậu cung, yếu đuối, bánh bèo… không có khả năng đấu đá, mình không nghĩ sống trong hậu cung sóng gió như vậy, bản thân là người đứng đầu lại cứ hiền lành mãi như vậy.
Ngụy Anh Lạc – Lệnh Ý Hoàng quý phi
Main của chúng ta đã xuất hiện, trong phim những gì các phim khác không làm được, chị làm tất, cần đấu với ai chị đấu tất. Nói chung chị là nữ chính với “găng tay vô cực” trong truyền thuyết. Về mặt diễn viên mình thấy em này diễn cũng khá, gương mặt mang nét lạ, nói thật nhìn không hợp với phim cổ trang lắm, từ đầu đến cuối phim mình cũng chỉ thấy ở mức tạm, cảm giác nhìn quen, đỡ xấu thôi. Nhưng chiêu trò chị có thừa nên có vẻ mấy nam nhân nổi tiếng của Tử Cấm Thành đều nằm trong tay ẻm.
Trong phim có khúc làm chị này không biết chữ là không biết chữ Mãn, chị này người Hán biết chữ Hán thôi. Thân phận ngoài đời không đến nỗi quá thấp như phim miêu tả, nhưng việc xuất thân và học vấn cũng ảnh hưởng đến vấn đề nuôi dạy con cái. Đa số con cái của Lệnh Quý phi đều gửi đến cho những phi tần khác, phim này làm là do vấn đề sức khỏe, nhưng mình nghĩ nguyên nhân chính nằm ở học vấn, thân phận, cách giáo dục.
Một số bình luận bên lề:
Về vị trí, tên hiệu của 1 số người trong hậu cung Càn Long có 1 số điểm khác thường, mình kể ra những điểm mình thấy:
- Phú Sát xuất thân Mãn Châu Tương Hoàng Kỳ
- Ô Lạp Na Lạp thị: Mãn Châu Chính Lam Kỳ
- Cao Hinh Ninh: Tương Hoàng Kỳ Bao Y
Tất nhiên là Hoàng Kỳ > Lam Kỳ và Mãn Châu > Bao Y. 3 người này là chức lớn nhất khi ở Tiềm để. Đến khi Càn Long lên ngôi, Phú Sát trở thành Hoàng hậu, vẫn là vị trí lớn nhất không bàn cãi. Nhưng Cao Quý phi được chính Ung Chính phong nên sau này được lên hàng Quý phi, Ô lạp Na Lạp chỉ dừng ở hàng Phi. Cao Quý phi này ở hàng Quý phi lại chẳng có mỹ hiệu. Nhưng Khánh Thường tại Lục thị, sau này là Khánh Phi. Từ hàng Thường tại đã có mỹ hiệu?
Vậy là tạm kết review cho phim này ở đây. Cảm ơn mọi người đã kiên nhẫn đọc bài này đến cuối cùng. Hẹn gặp mọi người ở bài review tiếp theo.
Usagi
*Ảnh từ internet
Why axolotls seem to be everywhere — except in the one lake they call home
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Scientist Dr. Randal Voss gets the occasional reminder that he’s working with a kind of superstar. When he does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders called axolotls.
The amphibians’ fans tell Voss that they know the animals from the internet, or from caricatures or stuffed animals, exclaiming, “‘They’re so adorable, we love them,’” said Voss, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. “People are drawn to them.”
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Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and pastel pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely Muppet-like.
They’ve skyrocketed in pop culture fame, in part thanks to the addition of axolotls to the video game Minecraft in 2021. These unusual salamanders are now found everywhere from Girl Scout patches to hot water bottles. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature.
A scientific mystery
Axolotl is a word from Nahuatl, the Indigenous Mexican language spoken by the Aztecs and an estimated 1.5 million people today. The animals are named for the Aztec god Xolotl, who was said to transform into a salamander. The original Nahuatl pronunciation is “AH-show-LOAT”; in English, “ACK-suh-LAHT-uhl” is commonly used.
Axolotls are members of a class of animals called amphibians, which also includes frogs. Amphibians lay their jelly-like eggs in water, and the eggs hatch into water-dwelling larval states. (In frogs, these larvae are called tadpoles.)
Most amphibians, once they reach adulthood, are able to move to land. Since they breathe, in part, by absorbing oxygen through their moist skin, they tend to stay near water.
Axolotls, however, never complete the metamorphosis to a land-dwelling adult form and spend their whole lives in the water.
“They maintain their juvenile look throughout the course of their life,” Voss said. “They’re teenagers, at least in appearance, until they die.”
Axolotl problems
As Mexico City grew and became more industrialized, the need for water brought pumps and pipes to the lake, and eventually, “it was like a bad, smelly pond with rotten water,” Zambrano said. “All of our aquatic animals suffer with bad water quality, but amphibians suffer more because they have to breathe with the skin.”
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To add to the axolotls’ problems, invasive fish species such as carp and tilapia were introduced to the lake, where they feed on axolotl eggs. And a 1985 earthquake in Mexico City displaced thousands of people, who found new homes in the area around the lake, further contributing to the destruction of the axolotls’ habitat.
These combined threats have devastated axolotl populations. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are fewer than 100 adult axolotls left in the wild. The species is considered critically endangered.
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While the wild axolotls of Lake Xochimilco have dwindled to near-extinction, countless axolotls have been bred for scientific laboratories and the pet trade. “The axolotl essentially helped establish the field of experimental zoology,” Voss said.
In 1864, a French army officer brought live axolotls back to Europe, where scientists were surprised to learn that the seemingly juvenile aquatic salamanders were capable of reproduction. Since then, scientists around the world have studied axolotls and their DNA to learn about the salamanders’ unusual metamorphosis (or lack thereof) as well as their ability to regrow injured body parts.
In addition to their role in labs, axolotls have become popular in the exotic pet trade (though they are illegal to own in California, Maine, New Jersey and Washington, DC). However, the axolotls you might find at a pet shop are different from their wild relatives in Lake Xochimilco. Most wild axolotls are a dark grayish brown. The famous pink axolotls, as well as other color variants such as white, blue, yellow and black, are genetic anomalies that are rare in the wild but selectively bred for in the pet trade.
What’s more, “most of the animals in the pet trade have a very small genetic variance,” Zambrano said. Pet axolotls tend to be inbred and lack the wide flow of different genes that makes up a healthy population in the wild. That means that the axolotl extinction crisis can’t simply be solved by dumping pet axolotls into Lake Xochimilco. (Plus, the pet axolotls likely wouldn’t fare well with the poor habitat conditions in the lake.)
Axolotl problems
As Mexico City grew and became more industrialized, the need for water brought pumps and pipes to the lake, and eventually, “it was like a bad, smelly pond with rotten water,” Zambrano said. “All of our aquatic animals suffer with bad water quality, but amphibians suffer more because they have to breathe with the skin.”
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To add to the axolotls’ problems, invasive fish species such as carp and tilapia were introduced to the lake, where they feed on axolotl eggs. And a 1985 earthquake in Mexico City displaced thousands of people, who found new homes in the area around the lake, further contributing to the destruction of the axolotls’ habitat.
These combined threats have devastated axolotl populations. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are fewer than 100 adult axolotls left in the wild. The species is considered critically endangered.
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While the wild axolotls of Lake Xochimilco have dwindled to near-extinction, countless axolotls have been bred for scientific laboratories and the pet trade. “The axolotl essentially helped establish the field of experimental zoology,” Voss said.
In 1864, a French army officer brought live axolotls back to Europe, where scientists were surprised to learn that the seemingly juvenile aquatic salamanders were capable of reproduction. Since then, scientists around the world have studied axolotls and their DNA to learn about the salamanders’ unusual metamorphosis (or lack thereof) as well as their ability to regrow injured body parts.
In addition to their role in labs, axolotls have become popular in the exotic pet trade (though they are illegal to own in California, Maine, New Jersey and Washington, DC). However, the axolotls you might find at a pet shop are different from their wild relatives in Lake Xochimilco. Most wild axolotls are a dark grayish brown. The famous pink axolotls, as well as other color variants such as white, blue, yellow and black, are genetic anomalies that are rare in the wild but selectively bred for in the pet trade.
What’s more, “most of the animals in the pet trade have a very small genetic variance,” Zambrano said. Pet axolotls tend to be inbred and lack the wide flow of different genes that makes up a healthy population in the wild. That means that the axolotl extinction crisis can’t simply be solved by dumping pet axolotls into Lake Xochimilco. (Plus, the pet axolotls likely wouldn’t fare well with the poor habitat conditions in the lake.)
A job for the Webb space telescope
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“We got 53 candidates for anomalies that cannot be well explained, but can’t say that all of them are Dyson sphere candidates, because that’s not what we are specifically looking for,” said Gabriella Contardo, a postdoctoral research fellow at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, who led the earlier study. She added that she plans to check the candidates against Suazo’s model to see how many tie into it.
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“You need to eliminate all other hypotheses and explanations before saying that they could be a Dyson sphere,” she added. “To do so you need to also rule out that it’s not some kind of debris disk, or some kind of planetary collision, and that also pushes the science forward in other fields of astronomy — so it’s a win-win.”
Both Contardo and Suazo agree that more research is needed on the data, and that ultimately they could turn to NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope for more information, as it is powerful enough to observe the candidate stars directly. However, because of the lengthy, competitive procedures that regulate use of the telescope, securing access might take some time.
If Dyson spheres really exist, what could they be used for? “If you picture ourselves having as much energy as the sun is providing every second, we could do unheard of things,” Suazo said. “We could do interstellar travel, maybe we could even move the entire solar system to our preferred location, if we wanted.”
But don’t hold your breath, because the technology and the raw materials required to build the hypothetical structures are far beyond humanity’s grasp.
“They are so big that everything we have on Earth would not be enough to build them,” Suazo added. “Freeman Dyson said that we should dismantle Jupiter — the whole planet (for the raw materials).”
That supercolossal scale probably means that Dyson spheres, if they exist at all, are very rare.
Broken spheres
Dyson died in 2020 before any of his spheres could be found — although they are just one of a dozen ideas that bear his name.
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“As a young scientist, Dyson showed that three competing quantum theories were actually the same theory — he summarily ended the competition,” said William Press, the Leslie Surginer Professor of Computer Science and Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. He was not involved in the study. “Later, he applied his genius to areas of astronomy, cosmology, the extraterrestrial realm, and also the very real problem of nuclear proliferation here on planet Earth. At the time of his death, he was recognized as a provocative and creative thinker.”
George Dyson also attested to his father’s fascination and comprehensive reach across disciplines.
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“Taking advantage of a short attention span and an aversion to bureaucracy, he contributed to five fields of mathematics and eleven fields of physics, as well as to theoretical biology, engineering, operations research, literature, and public affairs,” the younger Dyson said. “Many of his ideas were controversial, with one of his guiding principles being that ‘It is better to be wrong than to be vague.’”
The approach of the researchers behind the new study could offer a more fruitful path in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, said Tomotsugu Goto, an associate professor of astronomy at the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan. He also was not involved with the study.
“However, contamination by circumstellar debris disks, which mimic Dyson Sphere infrared signatures, remains a concern,” he added in an email. “Authors argue that the debris disks around (dwarf stars) are rare, but the 7 candidate authors selected out of 5 million sources are also rare. Despite this, the seven candidates warrant further investigation with powerful telescopes for a more definitive evaluation.”
‘Dyson spheres’ were theorized as a way to detect alien life. Scientists say they’ve found potential evidence
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What would be the ultimate solution to the energy problems of an advanced civilization? Renowned British American physicist Freeman Dyson theorized it would be a shell made up of mirrors or solar panels that completely surrounds a star — harnessing all the energy it produces.
“One should expect that, within a few thousand years of its entering the stage of industrial development, any intelligent species should be found occupying an artificial biosphere which completely surrounds its parent star,” wrote Dyson in a 1960 paper in which he first explained the concept
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If it sounds like science fiction, that’s because it is: Dyson took the idea from Olaf Stapledon’s 1937 novel “Star Maker,” and he was always open about that. The late scientist was a professor emeritus at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
Still, coming from a thinker who some in the scientific community say might have been worthy of a Nobel Prize early in his career, the concept took hold and the hypothetical megastructures became known as Dyson spheres, even though the physicist later clarified that they would actually consist of “a loose collection or swarm of objects traveling on independent orbits around the star.”
In his paper, Dyson also noted that Dyson spheres would give off waste heat detectable as infrared radiation, and suggested that looking for that byproduct would be a viable method for searching for extraterrestrial life. However, he added that infrared radiation by itself would not necessarily mean extraterrestrial intelligence, and that one of the strongest reasons for searching for such sources was that new types of natural astronomical objects might be discovered.
“Scientists (at the time) were largely receptive, not to the likelihood that alien civilisations would be found to exist, but that a search for waste heat would be a good place to look,” said George Dyson, a technology writer and author and the second of Dyson’s six children, via email. “Science fiction, from ‘Footfall’ to ‘Star Trek,’ took the idea and ran with it, while social critics adopted the Dyson sphere as a vehicle for questioning the wisdom of unlimited technological growth.”
Why axolotls seem to be everywhere — except in the one lake they call home
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Scientist Dr. Randal Voss gets the occasional reminder that he’s working with a kind of superstar. When he does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders called axolotls.
The amphibians’ fans tell Voss that they know the animals from the internet, or from caricatures or stuffed animals, exclaiming, “‘They’re so adorable, we love them,’” said Voss, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. “People are drawn to them.”
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Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and pastel pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely Muppet-like.
They’ve skyrocketed in pop culture fame, in part thanks to the addition of axolotls to the video game Minecraft in 2021. These unusual salamanders are now found everywhere from Girl Scout patches to hot water bottles. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature.
A scientific mystery
Axolotl is a word from Nahuatl, the Indigenous Mexican language spoken by the Aztecs and an estimated 1.5 million people today. The animals are named for the Aztec god Xolotl, who was said to transform into a salamander. The original Nahuatl pronunciation is “AH-show-LOAT”; in English, “ACK-suh-LAHT-uhl” is commonly used.
Axolotls are members of a class of animals called amphibians, which also includes frogs. Amphibians lay their jelly-like eggs in water, and the eggs hatch into water-dwelling larval states. (In frogs, these larvae are called tadpoles.)
Most amphibians, once they reach adulthood, are able to move to land. Since they breathe, in part, by absorbing oxygen through their moist skin, they tend to stay near water.
Axolotls, however, never complete the metamorphosis to a land-dwelling adult form and spend their whole lives in the water.
“They maintain their juvenile look throughout the course of their life,” Voss said. “They’re teenagers, at least in appearance, until they die.”
Axolotl problems
As Mexico City grew and became more industrialized, the need for water brought pumps and pipes to the lake, and eventually, “it was like a bad, smelly pond with rotten water,” Zambrano said. “All of our aquatic animals suffer with bad water quality, but amphibians suffer more because they have to breathe with the skin.”
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To add to the axolotls’ problems, invasive fish species such as carp and tilapia were introduced to the lake, where they feed on axolotl eggs. And a 1985 earthquake in Mexico City displaced thousands of people, who found new homes in the area around the lake, further contributing to the destruction of the axolotls’ habitat.
These combined threats have devastated axolotl populations. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are fewer than 100 adult axolotls left in the wild. The species is considered critically endangered.
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While the wild axolotls of Lake Xochimilco have dwindled to near-extinction, countless axolotls have been bred for scientific laboratories and the pet trade. “The axolotl essentially helped establish the field of experimental zoology,” Voss said.
In 1864, a French army officer brought live axolotls back to Europe, where scientists were surprised to learn that the seemingly juvenile aquatic salamanders were capable of reproduction. Since then, scientists around the world have studied axolotls and their DNA to learn about the salamanders’ unusual metamorphosis (or lack thereof) as well as their ability to regrow injured body parts.
In addition to their role in labs, axolotls have become popular in the exotic pet trade (though they are illegal to own in California, Maine, New Jersey and Washington, DC). However, the axolotls you might find at a pet shop are different from their wild relatives in Lake Xochimilco. Most wild axolotls are a dark grayish brown. The famous pink axolotls, as well as other color variants such as white, blue, yellow and black, are genetic anomalies that are rare in the wild but selectively bred for in the pet trade.
What’s more, “most of the animals in the pet trade have a very small genetic variance,” Zambrano said. Pet axolotls tend to be inbred and lack the wide flow of different genes that makes up a healthy population in the wild. That means that the axolotl extinction crisis can’t simply be solved by dumping pet axolotls into Lake Xochimilco. (Plus, the pet axolotls likely wouldn’t fare well with the poor habitat conditions in the lake.)
A job for the Webb space telescope
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“We got 53 candidates for anomalies that cannot be well explained, but can’t say that all of them are Dyson sphere candidates, because that’s not what we are specifically looking for,” said Gabriella Contardo, a postdoctoral research fellow at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, who led the earlier study. She added that she plans to check the candidates against Suazo’s model to see how many tie into it.
https://kra30att.cc
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“You need to eliminate all other hypotheses and explanations before saying that they could be a Dyson sphere,” she added. “To do so you need to also rule out that it’s not some kind of debris disk, or some kind of planetary collision, and that also pushes the science forward in other fields of astronomy — so it’s a win-win.”
Both Contardo and Suazo agree that more research is needed on the data, and that ultimately they could turn to NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope for more information, as it is powerful enough to observe the candidate stars directly. However, because of the lengthy, competitive procedures that regulate use of the telescope, securing access might take some time.
If Dyson spheres really exist, what could they be used for? “If you picture ourselves having as much energy as the sun is providing every second, we could do unheard of things,” Suazo said. “We could do interstellar travel, maybe we could even move the entire solar system to our preferred location, if we wanted.”
But don’t hold your breath, because the technology and the raw materials required to build the hypothetical structures are far beyond humanity’s grasp.
“They are so big that everything we have on Earth would not be enough to build them,” Suazo added. “Freeman Dyson said that we should dismantle Jupiter — the whole planet (for the raw materials).”
That supercolossal scale probably means that Dyson spheres, if they exist at all, are very rare.
Broken spheres
Dyson died in 2020 before any of his spheres could be found — although they are just one of a dozen ideas that bear his name.
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“As a young scientist, Dyson showed that three competing quantum theories were actually the same theory — he summarily ended the competition,” said William Press, the Leslie Surginer Professor of Computer Science and Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. He was not involved in the study. “Later, he applied his genius to areas of astronomy, cosmology, the extraterrestrial realm, and also the very real problem of nuclear proliferation here on planet Earth. At the time of his death, he was recognized as a provocative and creative thinker.”
George Dyson also attested to his father’s fascination and comprehensive reach across disciplines.
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“Taking advantage of a short attention span and an aversion to bureaucracy, he contributed to five fields of mathematics and eleven fields of physics, as well as to theoretical biology, engineering, operations research, literature, and public affairs,” the younger Dyson said. “Many of his ideas were controversial, with one of his guiding principles being that ‘It is better to be wrong than to be vague.’”
The approach of the researchers behind the new study could offer a more fruitful path in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, said Tomotsugu Goto, an associate professor of astronomy at the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan. He also was not involved with the study.
“However, contamination by circumstellar debris disks, which mimic Dyson Sphere infrared signatures, remains a concern,” he added in an email. “Authors argue that the debris disks around (dwarf stars) are rare, but the 7 candidate authors selected out of 5 million sources are also rare. Despite this, the seven candidates warrant further investigation with powerful telescopes for a more definitive evaluation.”
Why axolotls seem to be everywhere — except in the one lake they call home
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Scientist Dr. Randal Voss gets the occasional reminder that he’s working with a kind of superstar. When he does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders called axolotls.
The amphibians’ fans tell Voss that they know the animals from the internet, or from caricatures or stuffed animals, exclaiming, “‘They’re so adorable, we love them,’” said Voss, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. “People are drawn to them.”
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Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and pastel pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely Muppet-like.
They’ve skyrocketed in pop culture fame, in part thanks to the addition of axolotls to the video game Minecraft in 2021. These unusual salamanders are now found everywhere from Girl Scout patches to hot water bottles. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature.
A scientific mystery
Axolotl is a word from Nahuatl, the Indigenous Mexican language spoken by the Aztecs and an estimated 1.5 million people today. The animals are named for the Aztec god Xolotl, who was said to transform into a salamander. The original Nahuatl pronunciation is “AH-show-LOAT”; in English, “ACK-suh-LAHT-uhl” is commonly used.
Axolotls are members of a class of animals called amphibians, which also includes frogs. Amphibians lay their jelly-like eggs in water, and the eggs hatch into water-dwelling larval states. (In frogs, these larvae are called tadpoles.)
Most amphibians, once they reach adulthood, are able to move to land. Since they breathe, in part, by absorbing oxygen through their moist skin, they tend to stay near water.
Axolotls, however, never complete the metamorphosis to a land-dwelling adult form and spend their whole lives in the water.
“They maintain their juvenile look throughout the course of their life,” Voss said. “They’re teenagers, at least in appearance, until they die.”
Axolotl problems
As Mexico City grew and became more industrialized, the need for water brought pumps and pipes to the lake, and eventually, “it was like a bad, smelly pond with rotten water,” Zambrano said. “All of our aquatic animals suffer with bad water quality, but amphibians suffer more because they have to breathe with the skin.”
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To add to the axolotls’ problems, invasive fish species such as carp and tilapia were introduced to the lake, where they feed on axolotl eggs. And a 1985 earthquake in Mexico City displaced thousands of people, who found new homes in the area around the lake, further contributing to the destruction of the axolotls’ habitat.
These combined threats have devastated axolotl populations. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are fewer than 100 adult axolotls left in the wild. The species is considered critically endangered.
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While the wild axolotls of Lake Xochimilco have dwindled to near-extinction, countless axolotls have been bred for scientific laboratories and the pet trade. “The axolotl essentially helped establish the field of experimental zoology,” Voss said.
In 1864, a French army officer brought live axolotls back to Europe, where scientists were surprised to learn that the seemingly juvenile aquatic salamanders were capable of reproduction. Since then, scientists around the world have studied axolotls and their DNA to learn about the salamanders’ unusual metamorphosis (or lack thereof) as well as their ability to regrow injured body parts.
In addition to their role in labs, axolotls have become popular in the exotic pet trade (though they are illegal to own in California, Maine, New Jersey and Washington, DC). However, the axolotls you might find at a pet shop are different from their wild relatives in Lake Xochimilco. Most wild axolotls are a dark grayish brown. The famous pink axolotls, as well as other color variants such as white, blue, yellow and black, are genetic anomalies that are rare in the wild but selectively bred for in the pet trade.
What’s more, “most of the animals in the pet trade have a very small genetic variance,” Zambrano said. Pet axolotls tend to be inbred and lack the wide flow of different genes that makes up a healthy population in the wild. That means that the axolotl extinction crisis can’t simply be solved by dumping pet axolotls into Lake Xochimilco. (Plus, the pet axolotls likely wouldn’t fare well with the poor habitat conditions in the lake.)
Broken spheres
Dyson died in 2020 before any of his spheres could be found — although they are just one of a dozen ideas that bear his name.
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“As a young scientist, Dyson showed that three competing quantum theories were actually the same theory — he summarily ended the competition,” said William Press, the Leslie Surginer Professor of Computer Science and Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. He was not involved in the study. “Later, he applied his genius to areas of astronomy, cosmology, the extraterrestrial realm, and also the very real problem of nuclear proliferation here on planet Earth. At the time of his death, he was recognized as a provocative and creative thinker.”
George Dyson also attested to his father’s fascination and comprehensive reach across disciplines.
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“Taking advantage of a short attention span and an aversion to bureaucracy, he contributed to five fields of mathematics and eleven fields of physics, as well as to theoretical biology, engineering, operations research, literature, and public affairs,” the younger Dyson said. “Many of his ideas were controversial, with one of his guiding principles being that ‘It is better to be wrong than to be vague.’”
The approach of the researchers behind the new study could offer a more fruitful path in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, said Tomotsugu Goto, an associate professor of astronomy at the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan. He also was not involved with the study.
“However, contamination by circumstellar debris disks, which mimic Dyson Sphere infrared signatures, remains a concern,” he added in an email. “Authors argue that the debris disks around (dwarf stars) are rare, but the 7 candidate authors selected out of 5 million sources are also rare. Despite this, the seven candidates warrant further investigation with powerful telescopes for a more definitive evaluation.”
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‘Dyson spheres’ were theorized as a way to detect alien life. Scientists say they’ve found potential evidence
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What would be the ultimate solution to the energy problems of an advanced civilization? Renowned British American physicist Freeman Dyson theorized it would be a shell made up of mirrors or solar panels that completely surrounds a star — harnessing all the energy it produces.
“One should expect that, within a few thousand years of its entering the stage of industrial development, any intelligent species should be found occupying an artificial biosphere which completely surrounds its parent star,” wrote Dyson in a 1960 paper in which he first explained the concept
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If it sounds like science fiction, that’s because it is: Dyson took the idea from Olaf Stapledon’s 1937 novel “Star Maker,” and he was always open about that. The late scientist was a professor emeritus at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
Still, coming from a thinker who some in the scientific community say might have been worthy of a Nobel Prize early in his career, the concept took hold and the hypothetical megastructures became known as Dyson spheres, even though the physicist later clarified that they would actually consist of “a loose collection or swarm of objects traveling on independent orbits around the star.”
In his paper, Dyson also noted that Dyson spheres would give off waste heat detectable as infrared radiation, and suggested that looking for that byproduct would be a viable method for searching for extraterrestrial life. However, he added that infrared radiation by itself would not necessarily mean extraterrestrial intelligence, and that one of the strongest reasons for searching for such sources was that new types of natural astronomical objects might be discovered.
“Scientists (at the time) were largely receptive, not to the likelihood that alien civilisations would be found to exist, but that a search for waste heat would be a good place to look,” said George Dyson, a technology writer and author and the second of Dyson’s six children, via email. “Science fiction, from ‘Footfall’ to ‘Star Trek,’ took the idea and ran with it, while social critics adopted the Dyson sphere as a vehicle for questioning the wisdom of unlimited technological growth.”
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